Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Vaginal Yeast Infection

(Vaginal Candidiasis; Candida Vulvovaginitis; Yeast Infection; Monilial Vulvovaginitis; Vulvovaginal Candidiasis; VVC)
by Mary Calvagna, MS
Definition

A vaginal yeast infection is caused by a yeast fungus. The fungus is called Candida albicans . While yeast is common in the vagina, it can cause problems when it grows excessively. This excess growth causes the uncomfortable symptoms.

Causes

Yeast grows in conditions that are less acidic. Vaginal fluids are most often mildly acidic, but this can change. For example, acid levels can decrease during menstrual flow. "Good" bacteria also help keep vaginal secretions acidic and keep yeast levels in check. Conditions that decrease the good bacteria will also increase the chance of a yeast infection.

Risk Factors

These factors increase your chance of a yeast infection. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors:

  • A compromised immune system, such as with HIV infection
  • Diabetes , especially when blood sugar is not well-controlled
  • Situations that can cause hormonal changes:
    • Birth control pills
    • Menopause
    • Pregnancy
    • Steroid use
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Douching
  • Perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, deodorant tampons, or bubble bath
  • Tight jeans, synthetic underwear, or a wet swimsuit
Symptoms

If you have any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to a yeast infection. While typical of yeast infections, they may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if you have any of these:

  • A clumpy, vaginal discharge that may look like cottage cheese
  • Painful sexual intercourse
  • Painful urination
  • Rash or redness on the skin outside the vagina
  • Vaginal itching, ranging from mild to severe
  • Vaginal soreness, irritation, or burning
Diagnosis

Your doctor will take a history. A pelvic exam will be done. Any vaginal discharge will be tested.

It is important to see a doctor the first time you have symptoms. Other vaginal infections may have symptoms similar to a yeast infection. These can include bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis .

If you have had a yeast infection, you may be able to recognize the signs of a new infection. In this case, it is safe to use over-the-counter medications. Talk to your doctor if you have any doubt.

Treatment
Medications

Various antifungal medications are available as intravaginal creams, tablets, or suppositories: The treatments come in a one-day, three-day, or seven-day pack. Some of these are over-the-counter. Other may require a prescription (eg, Terazol).

  • Fem-stat (butoconazole vaginal)
  • Gyne-Lotrimin (clotrimazole vaginal)
  • Monistat (miconazole nitrate)
  • Mycelex (clotrimazole vaginal)
  • Terazol (terconazole vaginal)

Your doctor can prescribe fluconazole (Diflucan) . Diflucan is an oral medication. It is a single-dose treatment. If you are pregnant, talk with your doctor before using any treatment.

If you are diagnosed with a yeast infection, follow your doctor's instructions .

Prevention

To help reduce your chance of getting a yeast infection, take the following steps:

  • If you have diabetes , try and control your blood sugar
  • Avoid bubble baths, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, and scented soap
  • Avoid frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics if possible
  • Avoid tight-fitting clothing
  • Change out of a wet bathing suit or damp workout clothes as soon as possible
  • Don't douche unless your doctor tells you to do so; it decreases vaginal acidity
  • Dry the outside vaginal area thoroughly after a shower, bath, or swim
  • Wear cotton underwear

Last reviewed: August 2010 by Ganson Purcell Jr., MD, FACOG, FACPE .

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